PAEA Surgery End Of Rotation (EOR) Practice Exam

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Which of the following is a recognized risk factor for gastric cancer?

Pernicious anemia
High fruit consumption
Female gender
Low nitrate intake

The correct answer is: Pernicious anemia

Pernicious anemia is a recognized risk factor for gastric cancer primarily because it is associated with chronic atrophic gastritis, a condition that can lead to the development of gastric carcinoma. Pernicious anemia results from an autoimmune process that damages the gastric mucosa, leading to vitamin B12 deficiency. Over time, this chronic inflammation and atrophy of the gastric epithelium can increase the risk of malignant transformation. In contrast, high fruit consumption is generally linked to a lower risk of various types of cancer due to the protective effects of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants found in fruits. Female gender is not specifically a recognized risk factor for gastric cancer, as the disease exhibits a more significant prevalence in males. Finally, low nitrate intake is not directly associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer; in fact, high nitrate consumption is sometimes discussed in the context of an increased risk due to potential conversion to carcinogenic compounds under specific conditions. Thus, the link between pernicious anemia and gastric cancer is well-established in the literature, solidifying it as a recognized risk factor.